History And Challenges of Media

The evolution of journalism and mass communication in 509bc with Acta Diurna(it means activities of whole day) in Rome. The Rome government used to give information through using Acta diurna about their activities. The concept of new journalism was emerged by it. The paper was invented in seventh century, China. The starting point of modern journalism is Gutenberg press.

1.    What changes are brought by Gutenberg Press?

a.     Mass production

b.    Helped to reduce cost

c.     Increased speed

d.    Competition

e.     Established vernacular language

After for a century a lot of religious books were published especially bible. In Germany in 1690 Relation and Aviso published.

·       Oxford Gazette in 1702 from UK

·       Public Occurance in 1709 from US

·       First amendment in 1791

“Congress shall not make any law abridging freedom of speech and expression.”

Sixteenth century

1.    Printing machine set the first stage in the development of mass media.

2.    Books began to multiple and circulate fast not only in Europe but other parts of the world.

3.    The reading public grew in size

4.    Newsletters were published- handbills, pamphlets and newsletters were published in fairly large numbers in this century.

5.    The printing press started to dot all over the Europe.

Seventeenth century

1.    Handbills, pamphlets and newsletters were published in fairly large numbers in this century.

2.    The early 17^th century saw the arrival of newspapers that were brought out regularly for selling public.

3.    Those newspapers carried information, advertisement and gossip.

The first regularly appearing newspapers were published in Germany. In 1609 Aviso and Relation. Not much later newspaper appeared in Holland in 1620, France in 1620, Britain 1620 and Italy in 1636.

It is heard that the first daily paper was also published from Germany Leipzings Einkommende Zeitung(1650) of the world.

Eighteen century

1.    The first daily newspaper was launched in early 18^th century.

2.    England published its first daily newspaper “The Daily Courrant” in 1702. In USA the first newspaper published in 1690, was banned after its inaugural issue. similarly America had incorporated the provision o freedom of expression in its constitution in the late 18^th century.

Nineteenth century

1.    It was the era of partisan press.

2.    Private ownership on newspaper publication

3.    Emerging of yellow journalism(1880) and penny press(1830)

4.    The cost of newspaper was significantly down. The circulation started to boost

5.    Newspaper started to collect advertising

6.    Telegraph 1835, radio 1890

Samuel Moorse invented telegraph in 1835. News exchange process got momentum. Newspaper around the world to carry wide range of issues from around the world. News agencies were benefitted the most.

The journalist reported the first two lines that they want to publish on newspaper because the following reporting didn’t clearly send clearly except first one or two lines. The first public telegraphic message was transmitted in 1844. In 1839 Daguerre Devised a practical method of photography. The first film was screened in 1894 by lumier brothers. Breath taking pace in which communication technology developed a very interesting reading.

20th century

Event- first and second world war.

Technology-Television, computer, satellite

·       US------VOA

·       USSR----------Radio Moscow

·       Military(power)

·       Political(influence)

·       Economic(profit)

·       Telegraph

a.     Political benefit

b.    Commercial benefit

They used sea cable to hold political power.

Radio

It started 1917 lenin’s voice was transmitted an Radio. In 1922 BBC started its broadcast. Marconi invented it.

a.     Cost reduction

b.    USA and USSR used for propaganda(misuse)

1.    To manage the public opinion inside the homeland.

2.    To deliver/manipulate the mind set of people from outside the country.

History

1860- james clerk predicted that there is radio wave.

1886- Heinrich Radolph Hertz proved that there is radio wave.

1895- Marconi tested radio technology

However some schools have claimed that another person named ‘Raimy’ had transmitted voice through technology in 1892 in a village of us.

·       American universities ‘Wisconsin’ and pittsburg started radio transmission in 1915 and 1916 respectively.

·       Countries with naval power used radio signal for communication.

·       BBC started in 1922.

·       Prior to 1912 radio was recognized by the name wireless American started to call radio in 1912 only.

·       Cost effective, clear message and fast reason telegraph is dominated.

·       In 1906 the international radio telegraph conference was held. In this conference 20 countries were participated. Frequency standard, procedure interference reduction was major agenda of that conference.

·       Britian, Germany, France, Russia, USA try to hold the radio technology in the beginning time.

·       In 1912 it was made that the radio should be registered in International Radiograph Union to run.

·       1927- World Radio conference recognized private sector radio.

·       1927- Radio Act was developing in America that ensures the radio to private sector, commercial enterprise and funded by advertising. In the same year British broadcasting company was converted in British Broadcasting Company was converted in British Broadcasting Corporation as a nonprofit, public broadcasting monopoly a model for several other European and common wealth country.

·       First world war

During the First World War the power of radio was quickly recognized as vital to both to the management of public opinion at home and propaganda as broad.

Radio involve in Second World War

·       All union Radio USSR- lenin- 1925

·       Radio Bri- Italy(benito Mussolini)-1933

·       NHK-Japan

·       1922 BBC-UK

·       1942 Voice of America(voanews.com special English)

·       German Radio- Germany(Hitler)-1935

Hitler – Hitler propaganda minister-jose Goebbels

Why Radio used in Second World War?

·       To manage the discontent in household of concern countries

·       To divert the mindset of residence of rival countries.

·       To determinate the materials for propaganda

Successful medium to determine the media.

Use of radio during cold war

After Second World War it was started and in 1990 it was end. Mostly radio was used by the US and the during cold war. US Voice of America, Radio liberty and Radio free Europe. USSR all union radio.

Radio liberty was established in 1951 and

Radio free Europe was established in 1949 but broadcast from 1953. Free sky policy and free market policy.

After 1990

1.    Local radio was started (radio based on local language.)

2.    Community radio

3.    Public service broadcasting.

Characteristics of radio medium

·       Flexible  and economical production

·       Flexible in use

·       Multiple contents

·       Relative freedom

·       Individual use

·       Participant potential